The Great Ancestral Teacher

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To know what Heaven does and to know what man does—this is the utmost. To know what Heaven does is to be born of Heaven. To know what man does is to use what one's knowledge knows to nourish what one's knowledge does not know, so as to live out one's heaven-given years and not die prematurely in mid-course—this is the fullness of knowledge. Nevertheless, there is a trouble: knowledge must await something before it can be fitting, and that upon which it awaits is precisely undetermined.

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How would I know that what I call Heaven is not the human, or that what I call the human is not Heaven? Moreover, only after there is a True Man is there true knowledge.

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What is called a True Man? The True Man of ancient times did not set himself against the few, did not glory in success, and did not scheme over affairs. Being such, though he erred he did not regret, and even when he acted fittingly he did not feel self-satisfied. Being such, he climbed high without trembling, entered water without getting wet, entered fire without feeling hot—this is how his knowledge could ascend to the Dao.

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The True Man of ancient times slept without dreaming, woke without anxiety, ate without relishing sweetness, and breathed deeply and profoundly. The True Man breathes with his heels; the ordinary multitude breathes with their throats. Those who submit—their throat-uttered words come out like retching. Those whose cravings and desires are deep—their heavenly mechanism is shallow.

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The True Man of ancient times did not know to delight in life, nor did he know to loathe death. When he emerged, he did not rejoice; when he entered, he did not resist. Free and easy he went, free and easy he came—that was all. He did not forget his beginning, nor did he seek his end. He received it and rejoiced in it; he forgot it and returned to it. This is called not using the mind to injure the Way, not using the human to assist Heaven. This is called the True Man. Such a one: his mind forgets, his countenance is still, his forehead is broad.

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Cold and bleak like autumn, warm and gentle like spring, his joy and anger accord with the four seasons, he is fitting with all things, and no one knows his limit. Therefore when the sage wages war, he may destroy a state yet not lose the people's hearts. His benefits and blessings extend to ten thousand generations, yet not because he loves people.

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Therefore, to delight in understanding things is not to be a sage; to have partiality is not to be benevolent; to await Heaven's timing is not to be worthy; to be unable to comprehend benefit and harm is not to be a gentleman; to pursue fame and lose oneself is not to be a scholar; one who loses his life and is not genuine is not a servant of others. As for Hu Bu Xie, Wu Guang, Bo Yi, Shu Qi, Ji Zi Xu Yu, Ji Ta, and Shen Tu Di—they were servants in the service of others, taking others’ ease as their own ease rather than finding their own ease.

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The True Man of ancient times: his bearing was fitting yet not partisan; he seemed insufficient yet did not receive. Relaxed, he was angular yet not rigid; expansive, he was empty yet not showy. Contented, he seemed joyful; towering, he seemed compelled; brimming, he improved my complexion; composed, he settled my virtue; broad, he seemed like the world; lofty, he could not be controlled; continuous, he seemed to love closing; forgetful, he forgot his words.

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He uses law as a basis for governing, ritual as an aid in dealing with the world, knowledge in response to the occasion, and virtue in accord with each being's nature. To use law as a basis is to keep even necessary punishment restrained; ritual helps one move through society; knowledge is applied only when circumstances require it. To follow virtue is like a person with feet naturally finding the way home, back to the source. No strenuous journey is needed, though others take it for diligent effort.

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Therefore his liking it is one; his not liking it is one. His oneness is one; his non-oneness is one. His oneness companions Heaven; his non-oneness companions humans. Heaven and humans do not overcome each other; this is called the True Man.

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Death and life are fate; their constant alternation like night and dawn is Heaven. Whatever humans cannot take part in is the true condition of things. People merely take Heaven as father and still love it with their persons—how much more what is exalted! People merely take having a ruler as better than themselves and still die for him with their persons—how much more the True!

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When the spring dries up, the fish stay together on land, blowing on one another to moisten each other and wetting each other with foam; this is not as good as forgetting one another in rivers and lakes. Rather than praising Yao and condemning Jie, it is better to forget both and transform in the Way.

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The Great Clod carries me with a form, labors me with life, gives me ease with old age, and rests me with death. Therefore, what makes my life good is precisely what makes my death good. Hide a boat in a ravine and hide a mountain in a marsh, and it is called secure! Yet in the middle of the night a strong man carries them off on his back, and the benighted do not know. To hide small and large things there are suitable places, yet still there is something that escapes.

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As for hiding the world within the world so that it has nowhere to escape—this is the great truth of constant things. Merely to come upon human form, one already takes delight in it. As for human form, it undergoes ten thousand transformations and has never yet had a limit; could the joy it brings ever be fully counted? Therefore the sage will wander in that place where things cannot escape and all are preserved.

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People still take as a model one who can meet an early death or old age, a beginning or an end, with equanimity. How much more should they look to the Way on which all things depend and all transformations await!

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The Way has reality and trustworthiness; it takes no action and has no form. It can be transmitted but cannot be received; it can be obtained but cannot be seen. It is its own root and its own foundation. Before heaven and earth existed, from antiquity it has firmly existed. It makes ghosts and the Lord divine; it gives birth to heaven; it gives birth to earth. Prior to the Great Ultimate, it is not high; below the six poles, it is not deep; born before heaven and earth, it is not long; older than high antiquity, it is not aged.

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Xiwei obtained it and used it to raise Heaven and Earth; Fuxi obtained it and used it to join with the Mother of Qi; the Big Dipper obtained it and from ancient times has never erred; the sun and moon obtained it and from ancient times have never rested; Kanhuai obtained it and used it to enter Kunlun; Ping Yi obtained it and used it to roam the great rivers; Jian Wu obtained it and used it to dwell in the great mountain; the Yellow Emperor obtained it and used it to ascend to the cloudy heavens; Zhuanxu obtained it and used it to dwell in the Dark Palace; Yu Qiang obtained it and stood at the North Pole; Xiwangmu obtained it and sat at Shaoguang—no one knows her beginning, no one knows her end; Peng Zu obtained it, reaching from the age of Youyu down to the age of the Five Hegemons; Fu Yue obtained it and used it to serve as minister to Wu Ding, so that all under Heaven came under his sway; he rode the Eastern Cord and mounted Ji and Wei, taking his place among the ranks of stars.

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Nanbo Zikui asked Nü Yu: 'You are advanced in years, yet your complexion is like a child's—why is that?'

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She said, 'I have heard the Dao.'

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Nanbo Zikui said, 'Can the Dao be learned?'

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She said, "No! How could it be! You are not the person for it. Bu Liangyi has the talent of a sage but not the Way of a sage; I have the Way of a sage but not the talent of a sage. I wished to teach him with it; perhaps he might truly become a sage? If not, to tell one who has the talent of a sage about the Way of a sage is also easy."

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I still held to it and told him: after three days he could put the world outside; once he had put the world outside, I held to it again, and after seven days he could put things outside; once he had put things outside, I held to it again, and after nine days he could put life outside; once he had put life outside, he could then be clear as dawn; being clear as dawn, he could then see the Solitary; seeing the Solitary, he could then have no past or present; having no past or present, he could then enter into no death and no birth.

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That which kills life does not die; that which gives life is not born. In its dealings with things, there is nothing it does not send off, nothing it does not welcome, nothing it does not destroy, nothing it does not complete. Its name is Yingning (Disturbance-Rest). Yingning is what is disturbed and then completed.

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Nanbo Zikui said, "Where did you alone hear it?"

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The reply was: “I heard it from the son of Fu Mo; the son of Fu Mo heard it from the grandson of Luo Song; the grandson of Luo Song heard it from Zhan Ming; Zhan Ming heard it from Nie Xu; Nie Xu heard it from Xu Yi; Xu Yi heard it from Yu Ou; Yu Ou heard it from Xuan Ming; Xuan Ming heard it from Can Liao; Can Liao heard it from Yi Shi.”

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Zi Si, Zi Yu, Zi Li, and Zi Lai said to one another, “Who can take nothingness as the head, life as the spine, and death as the buttocks; who understands that death and life, survival and perishing are one body—I will be his friend!”

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The four looked at one another and smiled; there was nothing contrary in their hearts, and so they became friends. Before long, Zi Yu fell ill, and Zi Si went to inquire after him. Zi Yu said, “How great! The Creator is going to make me into this cramped, contorted thing.”

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He was bent and hunchbacked, his back protruded, and his five organs were on top; his chin was hidden in his navel, his shoulders rose above his head, and his neckbone pointed to the sky. The yin and yang energies in him were disordered, yet his mind was leisured and untroubled. He hobbled to the well and looked at his reflection, saying, “Alas! The Creator is again going to make me into this cramped, contorted thing.”

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Zisi said, “Do you dislike it?”

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He replied, “No—what is there for me to dislike? If, little by little, my left arm were transformed into a rooster, I would use it to announce the dawn; if, little by little, my right arm were transformed into a pellet, I would use it to hunt for roast owl; if, little by little, my buttocks were transformed into wheels and my spirit into a horse, I would ride them—why would I need to change carriages? Moreover, what one gains is timing; what one loses is compliance.

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“To be at peace with timing and to abide in compliance—then sorrow and joy cannot enter. This is what the ancients called the release from suspension. Those who cannot release themselves are bound by things. Moreover, things have long been unable to overcome Heaven; why then should I dislike it?”

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Soon afterward Zilai fell ill; gasping, he was about to die. His wife and children surrounded him and wept. Zili went to inquire after him and said, “Shush! Stand back! Do not disturb the transformation!”

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Leaning on his door, he spoke to him, saying: “Great is the Transforming Power! What will it make you into? Where will it send you? Will it make you a mouse's liver? Will it make you an insect's arm?”

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Zilai said: “For parents in relation to a child, whether east, west, south, or north, the child only follows their command. Yin and yang in relation to a person are no less than parents. They bring me near death, and I do not obey; then I am defiant; what fault have they? The Great Clod bears me with form, labors me with life, eases me with old age, and rests me with death. Therefore, what makes my life good is also what makes my death good.”

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Now, if a great smith casts metal, and the metal leaps up and says, ‘I must certainly become Mo Ye!’

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The great smith would surely consider it inauspicious metal. Now, once one is given human form and says, ‘I am a man! I am a man!’

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The Transformer would surely regard him as an inauspicious person. Now, once we take Heaven and Earth as a great furnace and the Transformer as a great smith, where can we go that would not do?

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He fell asleep peacefully and woke with a start.

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Zisang Hu, Meng Zifan, and Ziqin Zhang became friends with one another and said, 'Who can be together in not being together, act for one another in not acting for one another? Who can climb to heaven and wander in mist, wheel and turn in the boundless, forget one another and live, and have no exhaustion or end?'

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The three looked at one another and smiled; in their hearts there was no opposition, so they became friends with one another.

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After a while, Zisang Hu died, and he had not yet been buried. Confucius heard of it and sent Zigong to attend to the funeral affairs. One was weaving a silkworm tray, another was playing the qin, and they sang in harmony: 'Alas, Sang Hu! Alas, Sang Hu! You have already returned to your true nature, while we still remain human beings!'

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Zigong hurried forward and said, 'May I ask: singing in the presence of a corpse—is that in accordance with ritual propriety?'

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The two looked at each other and laughed, saying, 'How could he know the true meaning of ritual!'

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Zigong returned and reported to Confucius, saying, 'What sort of people are they? They have no cultivation of conduct and treat their bodily form as external; they sing before the corpse with unchanged countenance, and I have no way to name them. What sort of people are they?'

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Confucius said: 'They are people who wander outside the bounds of worldly custom, while I, Qiu, wander within the bounds of worldly custom. The outside and the inside do not reach each other, yet I sent you to offer condolences to them—I, Qiu, am indeed shallow! They are just now taking the Maker of Things as their companion and wandering in the single qi of heaven and earth. They regard life as an attached tumor or a hanging wart, and death as the breaking open of a boil and the bursting of an abscess.'

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For people like this, how could they know where death and life, before and after, are located? They borrow from other things and lodge in the same body; they forget their livers and gallbladders and discard their ears and eyes; they turn end and beginning over and over, not knowing their beginnings or endings; blankly they wander beyond the dust and grime, freely roaming in the work of non-doing. How then could they muddledly practice the rites of the vulgar world, to be displayed before the ears and eyes of the multitude!'

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Zigong said: 'Then which side, Master, do you rely on?'

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Confucius said: 'I, Qiu, am a man condemned by Heaven. Even so, you and I will share it together.'

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Zigong said, “May I venture to ask its method?”

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Confucius said, “Fish come together in water; men come together in the Way. Those who come together in water: by digging a pool, their nourishment is supplied. Those who come together in the Way: with no affairs, their life becomes settled. Therefore it is said: fish forget one another in rivers and lakes; men forget one another in the Way and its methods.”

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Zigong said, “May I ask about the anomalous person?”

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He said, “The anomalous person is anomalous among humans but equal to Heaven. Therefore it is said: Heaven’s petty man is the human gentleman; the human gentleman is Heaven’s petty man.”

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Yan Hui asked Zhongni: 'Mengsun Cai—when his mother died, he wept but shed no tears; in his heart he was not grieved; while in mourning he did not mourn. Lacking these three things, yet he is renowned throughout Lu for handling mourning well. Can there really be one who lacks the substance yet gains the name? I, Hui, am singularly puzzled by this.'

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Zhongni said: 'Mengsun has fully attained it; he has advanced in understanding. Yet if one would simplify it, one cannot—still, he has already simplified something. Mengsun does not know why he lives, does not know why he dies. He does not know which to go toward first, does not know which to go toward last. He is as if transformed into a thing, simply waiting for the transformation he does not know—that is all. Moreover, when he is about to transform, how can he know the state of not transforming? When he is about to not transform, how can he know the state of having transformed?'

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'I and you—are we not perhaps dreamers who have never begun to awake? Moreover, his bodily form may be disturbed, but his mind remains unharmed; he has a temporary lodging, but no true death. Mengsun alone is awake. When others weep, he weeps too—this comes from what he is. Moreover, we all merely say “I” to one another—how can we know what I call “I”? Moreover, you dream you are a bird and soar into the sky; you dream you are a fish and sink into the deep.'

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'We do not know whether the one speaking now is awake or dreaming. When one reaches contentment there is no time to laugh; when laughter comes there is no time to arrange it. Rest in the arrangements and go along with transformation—then you enter the vast oneness of Heaven.'

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Yierzi went to see Xu You. Xu You said, “How did Yao help you?”

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Yierzi said, “Yao told me: ‘You must personally practice benevolence and righteousness and clearly speak of right and wrong.’”

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Xu You said, “Why have you come here? Yao has already tattooed you with benevolence and righteousness and cut off your nose with right and wrong. How will you wander on the road of distant drifting, self-willed abandon, and shifting migration?”

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Yierzi said, “Even so, I wish to wander at its hedge.”

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Xu You said, 'Not so. The blind have no way to share in the beauty of brows, eyes, and complexion; the sightless have no way to share in the display of blue and yellow, embroidered ceremonial patterns.'

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Yi Erzi said, 'That Wu Zhuang lost his beauty, Ju Liang lost his strength, and the Yellow Emperor lost his wisdom—all lay within the forge and hammer. How do we know that the Creator will not erase my branding and restore my severed nose, so that I may ride upon completion and follow you, Master?'

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Xu You said, 'Ah! It cannot be known. I will speak to you of its rough outline: My Master! My Master! It bestows all things but does not count it righteousness; its grace reaches ten thousand generations but it does not count it benevolence; it is older than high antiquity but does not count it old; it covers and bears heaven and earth, carves and shapes the myriad forms, but does not count it skill. This is where I roam!'

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Yan Hui said, 'Hui has improved.'

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Zhongni said, 'What do you mean?'

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Yan Hui said, 'Hui has forgotten benevolence and righteousness.'

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Zhongni said, 'That is acceptable, but not yet.'

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Another day, Yan Hui went to see Zhongni again and said, 'Hui has improved.'

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He said, 'What do you mean?'

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He said, 'I, Hui, have forgotten the rites and music.'

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He said, 'That is acceptable, but it is still not enough.'

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Another day, he saw him again and said, 'I, Hui, have made progress.'

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He said, “What does this mean?”

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He said, “Hui has achieved sitting-forgetting.”

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Zhongni frowned and said, “What is sitting-forgetting?”

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Yan Hui said, “Dropping the limbs, dismissing intelligence, leaving the bodily form, discarding wisdom, and becoming one with the Great Pervasion—this is called sitting-forgetting.”

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Zhongni said, 'Where there is sameness, there is no preference; where there is transformation, there is no constancy. You are indeed worthy! I, Qiu, beg to follow behind you.'

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Ziyu and Zisang were friends. After continuous rain had fallen for ten days, Ziyu said, 'Zisang is probably in distress!'

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He wrapped some rice and went to feed him. When he arrived at Zisang's gate, [Zisang] seemed to be singing and seemed to be weeping, and while strumming the qin he said, 'Father! Mother! Heaven! Man!'

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At times his voice could not sustain itself, and he hurriedly recited the poem. Ziyu went in and said, 'Why are you singing the poem like this?'

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He said, “I reflect on what brings me to this extremity and cannot find it. Would my parents have wished me to be poor? Heaven covers without partiality, Earth bears without partiality—would Heaven and Earth single me out to make me poor? I seek what causes this and cannot find it. And yet what brings me to this extremity—it is fate, indeed!”

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