The Great Ancestral Teacher
Text
English translation
Original Chinese text
知天之所为,知人之所为者,至矣!知天之所为者,天而生也;知人之所为者,以其知之所知以养其知之所不知,终其天年而不中道夭者,是知之盛也。虽然,有患:夫知有所待而后当,其所待者特未定也。
English translation
To know what Heaven does and to know what man does—this is the utmost. To know what Heaven does is to be born of Heaven. To know what man does is to use what one's knowledge knows to nourish what one's knowledge does not know, so as to live out one's heaven-given years and not die prematurely in mid-course—this is the fullness of knowledge. Nevertheless, there is a trouble: knowledge must await something before it can be fitting, and that upon which it awaits is precisely undetermined.
Original Chinese text
庸讵知吾所谓天之非人乎?所谓人之非天乎?且有真人而后有真知。
English translation
How would I know that what I call Heaven is not the human, or that what I call the human is not Heaven? Moreover, only after there is a True Man is there true knowledge.
Original Chinese text
何谓真人?古之真人,不逆寡,不雄成,不谟士。若然者,过而弗悔,当而不自得也。若然者,登高不栗,入水不濡,入火不热,是知之能登假于道者也若此。
English translation
What is called a True Man? The True Man of ancient times did not set himself against the few, did not glory in success, and did not scheme over affairs. Being such, though he erred he did not regret, and even when he acted fittingly he did not feel self-satisfied. Being such, he climbed high without trembling, entered water without getting wet, entered fire without feeling hot—this is how his knowledge could ascend to the Dao.
Original Chinese text
古之真人,其寝不梦,其觉无忧,其食不甘,其息深深。真人之息以踵,众人之息以喉。屈服者,其嗌言若哇。其耆欲深者,其天机浅。
English translation
The True Man of ancient times slept without dreaming, woke without anxiety, ate without relishing sweetness, and breathed deeply and profoundly. The True Man breathes with his heels; the ordinary multitude breathes with their throats. Those who submit—their throat-uttered words come out like retching. Those whose cravings and desires are deep—their heavenly mechanism is shallow.
Original Chinese text
古之真人,不知说生,不知恶死。其出不訢,其入不距。翛然而往,翛然而来而已矣。不忘其所始,不求其所终。受而喜之,忘而复之。是之谓不以心捐道,不以人助天,是之谓真人。若然者,其心忘,其容寂,其颡頯。
English translation
The True Man of ancient times did not know to delight in life, nor did he know to loathe death. When he emerged, he did not rejoice; when he entered, he did not resist. Free and easy he went, free and easy he came—that was all. He did not forget his beginning, nor did he seek his end. He received it and rejoiced in it; he forgot it and returned to it. This is called not using the mind to injure the Way, not using the human to assist Heaven. This is called the True Man. Such a one: his mind forgets, his countenance is still, his forehead is broad.
Original Chinese text
凄然似秋,暖然似春,喜怒通四时,与物有宜而莫知其极。故圣人之用兵也,亡国而不失人心。利泽施乎万世,不为爱人。
English translation
Cold and bleak like autumn, warm and gentle like spring, his joy and anger accord with the four seasons, he is fitting with all things, and no one knows his limit. Therefore when the sage wages war, he may destroy a state yet not lose the people's hearts. His benefits and blessings extend to ten thousand generations, yet not because he loves people.
Original Chinese text
故乐通物,非圣人也;有亲,非仁也;天时,非贤也;利害不通,非君子也;行名失己,非士也;亡身不真,非役人也。若狐不偕、务光、伯夷、叔齐、箕子胥馀、纪他、申徒狄,是役人之役,适人之适,而不自适其适者也。
English translation
Therefore, to delight in understanding things is not to be a sage; to have partiality is not to be benevolent; to await Heaven's timing is not to be worthy; to be unable to comprehend benefit and harm is not to be a gentleman; to pursue fame and lose oneself is not to be a scholar; one who loses his life and is not genuine is not a servant of others. As for Hu Bu Xie, Wu Guang, Bo Yi, Shu Qi, Ji Zi Xu Yu, Ji Ta, and Shen Tu Di—they were servants in the service of others, taking others’ ease as their own ease rather than finding their own ease.
Original Chinese text
古之真人,其状义而不朋,若不足而不承;与乎其觚而不坚也,张乎其虚而不华也;邴邴乎其似喜也,崔崔乎其不得已也,滀乎进我色也,与乎止我德也,广乎其似世也,謷乎其未可制也,连乎其似好闭也,悗乎忘其言也。
English translation
The True Man of ancient times: his bearing was fitting yet not partisan; he seemed insufficient yet did not receive. Relaxed, he was angular yet not rigid; expansive, he was empty yet not showy. Contented, he seemed joyful; towering, he seemed compelled; brimming, he improved my complexion; composed, he settled my virtue; broad, he seemed like the world; lofty, he could not be controlled; continuous, he seemed to love closing; forgetful, he forgot his words.
Original Chinese text
以刑为体,以礼为翼,以知为时,以德为循。以刑为体者,绰乎其杀也;以礼为翼者,所以行于世也;以知为时者,不得已于事也;以德为循者,言其与有足者至于丘也,而人真以为勤行者也。
English translation
He uses law as a basis for governing, ritual as an aid in dealing with the world, knowledge in response to the occasion, and virtue in accord with each being's nature. To use law as a basis is to keep even necessary punishment restrained; ritual helps one move through society; knowledge is applied only when circumstances require it. To follow virtue is like a person with feet naturally finding the way home, back to the source. No strenuous journey is needed, though others take it for diligent effort.
Original Chinese text
故其好之也一,其弗好之也一。其一也一,其不一也一。其一与天为徒,其不一与人为徒,天与人不相胜也,是之谓真人。
English translation
Therefore his liking it is one; his not liking it is one. His oneness is one; his non-oneness is one. His oneness companions Heaven; his non-oneness companions humans. Heaven and humans do not overcome each other; this is called the True Man.
Original Chinese text
死生,命也;其有夜旦之常,天也。人之有所不得与,皆物之情也。彼特以天为父,而身犹爱之,而况其卓乎!人特以有君为愈乎己,而身犹死之,而况其真乎!
English translation
Death and life are fate; their constant alternation like night and dawn is Heaven. Whatever humans cannot take part in is the true condition of things. People merely take Heaven as father and still love it with their persons—how much more what is exalted! People merely take having a ruler as better than themselves and still die for him with their persons—how much more the True!
Original Chinese text
泉涸,鱼相与处于陆,相呴以湿,相濡以沫,不如相忘于江湖。与其誉尧而非桀也,不如两忘而化其道。
English translation
When the spring dries up, the fish stay together on land, blowing on one another to moisten each other and wetting each other with foam; this is not as good as forgetting one another in rivers and lakes. Rather than praising Yao and condemning Jie, it is better to forget both and transform in the Way.
Original Chinese text
夫大块载我以形,劳我以生,佚我以老,息我以死。故善吾生者,乃所以善吾死也。夫藏舟于壑,藏山于泽,谓之固矣!然而夜半有力者负之而走,昧者不知也。藏小大有宜,犹有所遯。
English translation
The Great Clod carries me with a form, labors me with life, gives me ease with old age, and rests me with death. Therefore, what makes my life good is precisely what makes my death good. Hide a boat in a ravine and hide a mountain in a marsh, and it is called secure! Yet in the middle of the night a strong man carries them off on his back, and the benighted do not know. To hide small and large things there are suitable places, yet still there is something that escapes.
Original Chinese text
若夫藏天下于天下而不得所遯,是恒物之大情也。特犯人之形而犹喜之。若人之形者,万化而未始有极也,其为乐可胜计邪?故圣人将游于物之所不得遯而皆存。
English translation
As for hiding the world within the world so that it has nowhere to escape—this is the great truth of constant things. Merely to come upon human form, one already takes delight in it. As for human form, it undergoes ten thousand transformations and has never yet had a limit; could the joy it brings ever be fully counted? Therefore the sage will wander in that place where things cannot escape and all are preserved.
Original Chinese text
善夭善老,善始善终,人犹效之,而况万物之所系而一化之所待乎!
English translation
People still take as a model one who can meet an early death or old age, a beginning or an end, with equanimity. How much more should they look to the Way on which all things depend and all transformations await!
Original Chinese text
夫道有情有信,无为无形;可传而不可受,可得而不可见;自本自根,未有天地,自古以固存;神鬼神帝,生天生地;在太极之先而不为高,在六极之下而不为深,先天地生而不为久,长于上古而不为老。
English translation
The Way has reality and trustworthiness; it takes no action and has no form. It can be transmitted but cannot be received; it can be obtained but cannot be seen. It is its own root and its own foundation. Before heaven and earth existed, from antiquity it has firmly existed. It makes ghosts and the Lord divine; it gives birth to heaven; it gives birth to earth. Prior to the Great Ultimate, it is not high; below the six poles, it is not deep; born before heaven and earth, it is not long; older than high antiquity, it is not aged.
Original Chinese text
豨韦氏得之,以挈天地;伏羲氏得之,以袭气母;维斗得之,终古不忒;日月得之,终古不息;堪坏得之,以袭昆仑;冯夷得之,以游大川;肩吾得之,以处大山;黄帝得之,以登云天;颛顼得之,以处玄宫;禺强得之,立乎北极;西王母得之,坐乎少广,莫知其始,莫知其终;彭祖得之,上及有虞,下及五伯;傅说得之,以相武丁,奄有天下,乘东维、骑箕尾而比于列星。
English translation
Xiwei obtained it and used it to raise Heaven and Earth; Fuxi obtained it and used it to join with the Mother of Qi; the Big Dipper obtained it and from ancient times has never erred; the sun and moon obtained it and from ancient times have never rested; Kanhuai obtained it and used it to enter Kunlun; Ping Yi obtained it and used it to roam the great rivers; Jian Wu obtained it and used it to dwell in the great mountain; the Yellow Emperor obtained it and used it to ascend to the cloudy heavens; Zhuanxu obtained it and used it to dwell in the Dark Palace; Yu Qiang obtained it and stood at the North Pole; Xiwangmu obtained it and sat at Shaoguang—no one knows her beginning, no one knows her end; Peng Zu obtained it, reaching from the age of Youyu down to the age of the Five Hegemons; Fu Yue obtained it and used it to serve as minister to Wu Ding, so that all under Heaven came under his sway; he rode the Eastern Cord and mounted Ji and Wei, taking his place among the ranks of stars.
Original Chinese text
南伯子葵问乎女偊曰:“子之年长矣,而色若孺子,何也?”
English translation
Nanbo Zikui asked Nü Yu: 'You are advanced in years, yet your complexion is like a child's—why is that?'
Original Chinese text
曰:“吾闻道矣。”
English translation
She said, 'I have heard the Dao.'
Original Chinese text
南伯子葵曰:“道可得学邪?”
English translation
Nanbo Zikui said, 'Can the Dao be learned?'
Original Chinese text
曰:“恶!恶可!子非其人也。夫卜梁倚有圣人之才而无圣人之道,我有圣人之道而无圣人之才。吾欲以教之,庶几其果为圣人乎?不然,以圣人之道告圣人之才,亦易矣。
English translation
She said, "No! How could it be! You are not the person for it. Bu Liangyi has the talent of a sage but not the Way of a sage; I have the Way of a sage but not the talent of a sage. I wished to teach him with it; perhaps he might truly become a sage? If not, to tell one who has the talent of a sage about the Way of a sage is also easy."
Original Chinese text
吾犹守而告之,叁日而后能外天下;已外天下矣,吾又守之,七日而后能外物;已外物矣,吾又守之,九日而后能外生;已外生矣,而后能朝彻;朝彻而后能见独;见独而后能无古今;无古今而后能入于不死不生。
English translation
I still held to it and told him: after three days he could put the world outside; once he had put the world outside, I held to it again, and after seven days he could put things outside; once he had put things outside, I held to it again, and after nine days he could put life outside; once he had put life outside, he could then be clear as dawn; being clear as dawn, he could then see the Solitary; seeing the Solitary, he could then have no past or present; having no past or present, he could then enter into no death and no birth.
Original Chinese text
杀生者不死,生生者不生。其为物无不将也,无不迎也,无不毁也,无不成也。其名为撄宁。撄宁也者,撄而后成者也。”
English translation
That which kills life does not die; that which gives life is not born. In its dealings with things, there is nothing it does not send off, nothing it does not welcome, nothing it does not destroy, nothing it does not complete. Its name is Yingning (Disturbance-Rest). Yingning is what is disturbed and then completed.
Original Chinese text
南伯子葵曰:“子独恶乎闻之?”
English translation
Nanbo Zikui said, "Where did you alone hear it?"
Original Chinese text
曰:“闻诸副墨之子,副墨之子闻诸洛诵之孙,洛诵之孙闻之瞻明,瞻明闻之聂许,聂许闻之需役,需役闻之于讴,于讴闻之玄冥,玄冥闻之参寥,参寥闻之疑始。”
English translation
The reply was: “I heard it from the son of Fu Mo; the son of Fu Mo heard it from the grandson of Luo Song; the grandson of Luo Song heard it from Zhan Ming; Zhan Ming heard it from Nie Xu; Nie Xu heard it from Xu Yi; Xu Yi heard it from Yu Ou; Yu Ou heard it from Xuan Ming; Xuan Ming heard it from Can Liao; Can Liao heard it from Yi Shi.”
Original Chinese text
子祀、子舆、子犁、子来四人相与语曰:“孰能以无为首,以生为脊,以死为尻;孰知死生存亡之一体者,吾与之友矣!”
English translation
Zi Si, Zi Yu, Zi Li, and Zi Lai said to one another, “Who can take nothingness as the head, life as the spine, and death as the buttocks; who understands that death and life, survival and perishing are one body—I will be his friend!”
Original Chinese text
四人相视而笑,莫逆于心,遂相与为友。俄而子舆有病,子祀往问之。曰:“伟哉,夫造物者将以予为此拘拘也。”
English translation
The four looked at one another and smiled; there was nothing contrary in their hearts, and so they became friends. Before long, Zi Yu fell ill, and Zi Si went to inquire after him. Zi Yu said, “How great! The Creator is going to make me into this cramped, contorted thing.”
Original Chinese text
曲偻发背,上有五管,颐隐于齐,肩高于顶,句赘指天,阴阳之气有沴,其心闲而无事,跰𨇤而鉴于井,曰:“嗟乎!夫造物者又将以予为此拘拘也。”
English translation
He was bent and hunchbacked, his back protruded, and his five organs were on top; his chin was hidden in his navel, his shoulders rose above his head, and his neckbone pointed to the sky. The yin and yang energies in him were disordered, yet his mind was leisured and untroubled. He hobbled to the well and looked at his reflection, saying, “Alas! The Creator is again going to make me into this cramped, contorted thing.”
Original Chinese text
子祀曰:“女恶之乎?”
English translation
Zisi said, “Do you dislike it?”
Original Chinese text
曰:“亡,予何恶!浸假而化予之左臂以为鸡,予因以求时夜;浸假而化予之右臂以为弹,予因以求鸮炙;浸假而化予之尻以为轮,以神为马,予因以乘之,岂更驾哉!且夫得者,时也;失者,顺也。
English translation
He replied, “No—what is there for me to dislike? If, little by little, my left arm were transformed into a rooster, I would use it to announce the dawn; if, little by little, my right arm were transformed into a pellet, I would use it to hunt for roast owl; if, little by little, my buttocks were transformed into wheels and my spirit into a horse, I would ride them—why would I need to change carriages? Moreover, what one gains is timing; what one loses is compliance.
Original Chinese text
安时而处顺,哀乐不能入也,此古之所谓县解也,而不能自解者,物有结之。且夫物不胜天久矣,吾又何恶焉!”
English translation
“To be at peace with timing and to abide in compliance—then sorrow and joy cannot enter. This is what the ancients called the release from suspension. Those who cannot release themselves are bound by things. Moreover, things have long been unable to overcome Heaven; why then should I dislike it?”
Original Chinese text
俄而子来有病,喘喘然将死。其妻子环而泣之。子犁往问之,曰:“叱!避!无怛化!”
English translation
Soon afterward Zilai fell ill; gasping, he was about to die. His wife and children surrounded him and wept. Zili went to inquire after him and said, “Shush! Stand back! Do not disturb the transformation!”
Original Chinese text
倚其户与之语曰:“伟哉造化!又将奚以汝为?将奚以汝适?以汝为鼠肝乎?以汝为虫臂乎?”
English translation
Leaning on his door, he spoke to him, saying: “Great is the Transforming Power! What will it make you into? Where will it send you? Will it make you a mouse's liver? Will it make you an insect's arm?”
Original Chinese text
子来曰:“父母于子,东西南北,唯命之从。阴阳于人,不翅于父母。彼近吾死而我不听,我则悍矣,彼何罪焉?夫大块载我以形,劳我以生,佚我以老,息我以死。故善吾生者,乃所以善吾死也。
English translation
Zilai said: “For parents in relation to a child, whether east, west, south, or north, the child only follows their command. Yin and yang in relation to a person are no less than parents. They bring me near death, and I do not obey; then I am defiant; what fault have they? The Great Clod bears me with form, labors me with life, eases me with old age, and rests me with death. Therefore, what makes my life good is also what makes my death good.”
Original Chinese text
今大冶铸金,金踊跃曰:‘我且必为镆铘!’
English translation
Now, if a great smith casts metal, and the metal leaps up and says, ‘I must certainly become Mo Ye!’
Original Chinese text
大冶必以为不祥之金。今一犯人之形而曰:‘人耳!人耳!’
English translation
The great smith would surely consider it inauspicious metal. Now, once one is given human form and says, ‘I am a man! I am a man!’
Original Chinese text
夫造化者必以为不祥之人。今一以天地为大炉,以造化为大冶,恶乎往而不可哉!”
English translation
The Transformer would surely regard him as an inauspicious person. Now, once we take Heaven and Earth as a great furnace and the Transformer as a great smith, where can we go that would not do?
Original Chinese text
成然寐,蘧然觉。
English translation
He fell asleep peacefully and woke with a start.
Original Chinese text
子桑户、孟子反、子琴张三人相与友曰:“孰能相与于无相与,相为于无相为;孰能登天游雾,挠挑无极,相忘以生,无所穷终!”
English translation
Zisang Hu, Meng Zifan, and Ziqin Zhang became friends with one another and said, 'Who can be together in not being together, act for one another in not acting for one another? Who can climb to heaven and wander in mist, wheel and turn in the boundless, forget one another and live, and have no exhaustion or end?'
Original Chinese text
三人相视而笑,莫逆于心,遂相与友。
English translation
The three looked at one another and smiled; in their hearts there was no opposition, so they became friends with one another.
Original Chinese text
莫然有间,而子桑户死,未葬。孔子闻之,使子贡往侍事焉。或编曲,或鼓琴,相和而歌曰:“嗟来桑户乎!嗟来桑户乎!而已反其真,而我犹为人猗!”
English translation
After a while, Zisang Hu died, and he had not yet been buried. Confucius heard of it and sent Zigong to attend to the funeral affairs. One was weaving a silkworm tray, another was playing the qin, and they sang in harmony: 'Alas, Sang Hu! Alas, Sang Hu! You have already returned to your true nature, while we still remain human beings!'
Original Chinese text
子贡趋而进曰:“敢问临尸而歌,礼乎?”
English translation
Zigong hurried forward and said, 'May I ask: singing in the presence of a corpse—is that in accordance with ritual propriety?'
Original Chinese text
二人相视而笑曰:“是恶知礼意!”
English translation
The two looked at each other and laughed, saying, 'How could he know the true meaning of ritual!'
Original Chinese text
子贡反,以告孔子曰:“彼何人者邪?修行无有而外其形骸,临尸而歌,颜色不变,无以命之。彼何人者邪?”
English translation
Zigong returned and reported to Confucius, saying, 'What sort of people are they? They have no cultivation of conduct and treat their bodily form as external; they sing before the corpse with unchanged countenance, and I have no way to name them. What sort of people are they?'
Original Chinese text
孔子曰:“彼游方之外者也,而丘游方之内者也。外内不相及,而丘使女往吊之,丘则陋矣!彼方且与造物者为人,而游乎天地之一气。彼以生为附赘县疣,以死为决𤴯溃痈。
English translation
Confucius said: 'They are people who wander outside the bounds of worldly custom, while I, Qiu, wander within the bounds of worldly custom. The outside and the inside do not reach each other, yet I sent you to offer condolences to them—I, Qiu, am indeed shallow! They are just now taking the Maker of Things as their companion and wandering in the single qi of heaven and earth. They regard life as an attached tumor or a hanging wart, and death as the breaking open of a boil and the bursting of an abscess.'
Original Chinese text
夫若然者,又恶知死生先后之所在!假于异物,托于同体;忘其肝胆,遗其耳目;反复终始,不知端倪;芒然彷徨乎尘垢之外,逍遥乎无为之业。彼又恶能愦愦然为世俗之礼,以观众人之耳目哉!”
English translation
For people like this, how could they know where death and life, before and after, are located? They borrow from other things and lodge in the same body; they forget their livers and gallbladders and discard their ears and eyes; they turn end and beginning over and over, not knowing their beginnings or endings; blankly they wander beyond the dust and grime, freely roaming in the work of non-doing. How then could they muddledly practice the rites of the vulgar world, to be displayed before the ears and eyes of the multitude!'
Original Chinese text
子贡曰:“然则夫子何方之依?”
English translation
Zigong said: 'Then which side, Master, do you rely on?'
Original Chinese text
孔子曰:“丘,天之戮民也。虽然,吾与汝共之。”
English translation
Confucius said: 'I, Qiu, am a man condemned by Heaven. Even so, you and I will share it together.'
Original Chinese text
子贡曰:“敢问其方?”
English translation
Zigong said, “May I venture to ask its method?”
Original Chinese text
孔子曰:“鱼相造乎水,人相造乎道。相造乎水者,穿池而养给;相造乎道者,无事而生定。故曰:鱼相忘乎江湖,人相忘乎道术。”
English translation
Confucius said, “Fish come together in water; men come together in the Way. Those who come together in water: by digging a pool, their nourishment is supplied. Those who come together in the Way: with no affairs, their life becomes settled. Therefore it is said: fish forget one another in rivers and lakes; men forget one another in the Way and its methods.”
Original Chinese text
子贡曰:“敢问畸人?”
English translation
Zigong said, “May I ask about the anomalous person?”
Original Chinese text
曰:“畸人者,畸于人而侔于天。故曰:天之小人,人之君子;人之君子,天之小人也。”
English translation
He said, “The anomalous person is anomalous among humans but equal to Heaven. Therefore it is said: Heaven’s petty man is the human gentleman; the human gentleman is Heaven’s petty man.”
Original Chinese text
颜回问仲尼曰:“孟孙才,其母死,哭泣无涕,中心不戚,居丧不哀。无是三者,以善处丧盖鲁国,固有无其实而得其名者乎?回壹怪之。”
English translation
Yan Hui asked Zhongni: 'Mengsun Cai—when his mother died, he wept but shed no tears; in his heart he was not grieved; while in mourning he did not mourn. Lacking these three things, yet he is renowned throughout Lu for handling mourning well. Can there really be one who lacks the substance yet gains the name? I, Hui, am singularly puzzled by this.'
Original Chinese text
仲尼曰:“夫孟孙氏尽之矣,进于知矣,唯简之而不得,夫已有所简矣。孟孙氏不知所以生,不知所以死。不知就先,不知就后。若化为物,以待其所不知之化已乎。且方将化,恶知不化哉?方将不化,恶知已化哉?
English translation
Zhongni said: 'Mengsun has fully attained it; he has advanced in understanding. Yet if one would simplify it, one cannot—still, he has already simplified something. Mengsun does not know why he lives, does not know why he dies. He does not know which to go toward first, does not know which to go toward last. He is as if transformed into a thing, simply waiting for the transformation he does not know—that is all. Moreover, when he is about to transform, how can he know the state of not transforming? When he is about to not transform, how can he know the state of having transformed?'
Original Chinese text
吾特与汝,其梦未始觉者邪!且彼有骇形而无损心,有旦宅而无情死。孟孙氏特觉,人哭亦哭,是自其所以乃。且也相与‘吾之’耳矣,庸讵知吾所谓‘吾之’乎?且汝梦为鸟而厉乎天,梦为鱼而没于渊。
English translation
'I and you—are we not perhaps dreamers who have never begun to awake? Moreover, his bodily form may be disturbed, but his mind remains unharmed; he has a temporary lodging, but no true death. Mengsun alone is awake. When others weep, he weeps too—this comes from what he is. Moreover, we all merely say “I” to one another—how can we know what I call “I”? Moreover, you dream you are a bird and soar into the sky; you dream you are a fish and sink into the deep.'
Original Chinese text
不识今之言者,其觉者乎?其梦者乎?造适不及笑,献笑不及排,安排而去化,乃入于寥天一。”
English translation
'We do not know whether the one speaking now is awake or dreaming. When one reaches contentment there is no time to laugh; when laughter comes there is no time to arrange it. Rest in the arrangements and go along with transformation—then you enter the vast oneness of Heaven.'
Original Chinese text
意而子见许由,许由曰:“尧何以资汝?”
English translation
Yierzi went to see Xu You. Xu You said, “How did Yao help you?”
Original Chinese text
意而子曰:“尧谓我:汝必躬服仁义而明言是非。”
English translation
Yierzi said, “Yao told me: ‘You must personally practice benevolence and righteousness and clearly speak of right and wrong.’”
Original Chinese text
许由曰:“而奚来为轵?夫尧既已黥汝以仁义,而劓汝以是非矣。汝将何以游夫遥荡恣睢转徙之涂乎?”
English translation
Xu You said, “Why have you come here? Yao has already tattooed you with benevolence and righteousness and cut off your nose with right and wrong. How will you wander on the road of distant drifting, self-willed abandon, and shifting migration?”
Original Chinese text
意而子曰:“虽然,吾愿游于其藩。”
English translation
Yierzi said, “Even so, I wish to wander at its hedge.”
Original Chinese text
许由曰:“不然。夫盲者无以与乎眉目颜色之好,瞽者无以与乎青黄黼黻之观。”
English translation
Xu You said, 'Not so. The blind have no way to share in the beauty of brows, eyes, and complexion; the sightless have no way to share in the display of blue and yellow, embroidered ceremonial patterns.'
Original Chinese text
意而子曰:“夫无庄之失其美,据梁之失其力,黄帝之亡其知,皆在炉捶之间耳。庸讵知夫造物者之不息我黥而补我劓,使我乘成以随先生邪?”
English translation
Yi Erzi said, 'That Wu Zhuang lost his beauty, Ju Liang lost his strength, and the Yellow Emperor lost his wisdom—all lay within the forge and hammer. How do we know that the Creator will not erase my branding and restore my severed nose, so that I may ride upon completion and follow you, Master?'
Original Chinese text
许由曰:“噫!未可知也。我为汝言其大略:吾师乎!吾师乎!赍万物而不为义,泽及万世而不为仁,长于上古而不为老,覆载天地、刻雕众形而不为巧。此所游已!
English translation
Xu You said, 'Ah! It cannot be known. I will speak to you of its rough outline: My Master! My Master! It bestows all things but does not count it righteousness; its grace reaches ten thousand generations but it does not count it benevolence; it is older than high antiquity but does not count it old; it covers and bears heaven and earth, carves and shapes the myriad forms, but does not count it skill. This is where I roam!'
Original Chinese text
颜回曰:“回益矣。”
English translation
Yan Hui said, 'Hui has improved.'
Original Chinese text
仲尼曰:“何谓也?”
English translation
Zhongni said, 'What do you mean?'
Original Chinese text
曰:“回忘仁义矣。”
English translation
Yan Hui said, 'Hui has forgotten benevolence and righteousness.'
Original Chinese text
曰:“可矣,犹未也。”
English translation
Zhongni said, 'That is acceptable, but not yet.'
Original Chinese text
他日,复见,曰:“回益矣。”
English translation
Another day, Yan Hui went to see Zhongni again and said, 'Hui has improved.'
Original Chinese text
曰:“何谓也?”
English translation
He said, 'What do you mean?'
Original Chinese text
曰:“回忘礼乐矣。”
English translation
He said, 'I, Hui, have forgotten the rites and music.'
Original Chinese text
曰:“可矣,犹未也。”
English translation
He said, 'That is acceptable, but it is still not enough.'
Original Chinese text
他日,复见,曰:“回益矣。”
English translation
Another day, he saw him again and said, 'I, Hui, have made progress.'
Original Chinese text
曰:“何谓也?”
English translation
He said, “What does this mean?”
Original Chinese text
曰:“回坐忘矣。”
English translation
He said, “Hui has achieved sitting-forgetting.”
Original Chinese text
仲尼蹙然曰:“何谓坐忘?”
English translation
Zhongni frowned and said, “What is sitting-forgetting?”
Original Chinese text
颜回曰:“堕肢体,黜聪明,离形去智,同于大通,此谓坐忘。”
English translation
Yan Hui said, “Dropping the limbs, dismissing intelligence, leaving the bodily form, discarding wisdom, and becoming one with the Great Pervasion—this is called sitting-forgetting.”
Original Chinese text
仲尼曰:“同则无好也,化则无常也。而果其贤乎!丘也请从而后也。”
English translation
Zhongni said, 'Where there is sameness, there is no preference; where there is transformation, there is no constancy. You are indeed worthy! I, Qiu, beg to follow behind you.'
Original Chinese text
子舆与子桑友。而霖雨十日,子舆曰:“子桑殆病矣!”
English translation
Ziyu and Zisang were friends. After continuous rain had fallen for ten days, Ziyu said, 'Zisang is probably in distress!'
Original Chinese text
裹饭而往食之。至子桑之门,则若歌若哭,鼓琴曰:“父邪!母邪!天乎!人乎!”
English translation
He wrapped some rice and went to feed him. When he arrived at Zisang's gate, [Zisang] seemed to be singing and seemed to be weeping, and while strumming the qin he said, 'Father! Mother! Heaven! Man!'
Original Chinese text
有不任其声而趋举其诗焉。子舆入,曰:“子之歌诗,何故若是?”
English translation
At times his voice could not sustain itself, and he hurriedly recited the poem. Ziyu went in and said, 'Why are you singing the poem like this?'
Original Chinese text
曰:“吾思夫使我至此极者而弗得也。父母岂欲吾贫哉?天无私覆,地无私载,天地岂私贫我哉?求其为之者而不得也!然而至此极者,命也夫!”
English translation
He said, “I reflect on what brings me to this extremity and cannot find it. Would my parents have wished me to be poor? Heaven covers without partiality, Earth bears without partiality—would Heaven and Earth single me out to make me poor? I seek what causes this and cannot find it. And yet what brings me to this extremity—it is fate, indeed!”