13. Use of Spies

Contents

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English translation

Original Chinese text

English translation

Mobilizing one hundred thousand troops for a thousand-li campaign carries immense cost: public expense, state supply, daily spending, and social disruption, plus paralysis in normal administration. The burden is equivalent to the labor of hundreds of thousands of households.

If rivals hold out for years over one day of victory and chase rank and pay while ignoring the enemy’s real situation, that is a profound failure of humane leadership. Such a person is not a competent commander, not a worthy assistant, and cannot be a true winner.

Hence, those who can move and prevail, and convert victory into broad success, are first and foremost those with prior knowledge. This prior knowledge cannot come from spirits or signs, nor from abstract measurement alone; it must be obtained from people who truly know the opponent.

The passage sets intelligence collection before mobilization. In modern terms, this is a governance rule for major operations: scale magnifies error, so accurate human intelligence is essential.

Original Chinese text

English translation

There are five uses of intelligence agents: local, internal, turned, false, and returning agents. When all five are active and their pathways cannot be traced, that is called a divine arrangement, the ruler’s precious treasure.

Local agents are cultivated through people from the same local ties; internal agents through personnel in the adversary’s offices. Turned agents are obtained from enemy intelligence channels. False agents spread deceptive claims outside so our sources can hear and pass them inward. Returning agents provide counter-feedback.

The passage formalizes layered human intelligence. Diversity of channels provides cross-checking and lowers dependence on one uncertain source.

Original Chinese text

English translation

In military work, nothing is closer than intelligence, and nothing deserves greater reward. The most secret matters are handled through intelligence work.

It demands uncommon judgment to use agents well, moral discipline to employ them rightly, and subtle skill to obtain what is real. So intelligence is deeply pervasive and must be broadly applied. If information is leaked before it is officially released, both the source and the recipient are to be punished.

This passage stresses governance of confidentiality. Intelligence provides advantage only when it is matched by strict accountability and disciplined handling.

Original Chinese text

English translation

Before attacking a target, besieging a city, or striking an individual, the key is to know the names and roles of their command staff and gate officials first. This is an essential intelligence requirement.

First identify who among enemy-side agents may report to us, reward and steer them, and then let them disengage safely; this is how turned intelligence becomes useful. From that, local and internal agents can be deployed. From that, false agents can carry deceptive reports to the enemy. From that, returning agents can report on schedule. The ruler must understand all five functions, and the pivot is turned intelligence—so it must be valued and protected.

The text outlines an execution pipeline for intelligence operations. Practical advantage comes from controlling key people and channels of information, then coordinating specialized roles around verified data.

Original Chinese text

English translation

When Yin rose, Yi Zhi played his role within Xia; when Zhou rose, Lü Ya was effective within Yin. These examples show that a wise ruler and capable general who can elevate intelligence with superior judgment can achieve major success.

This is the essential point of warfare: the trust foundation for the whole army’s movement.

Historical cases are used to underline continuity of principle. Strategic power in any institution rests on information-led judgment and talent able to sustain it.

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