The Cost of War
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English translation
Original Chinese text
孟子曰:“求也,为季氏宰,无能改于其德,而赋粟倍他日。孔子曰:‘求非我徒也,小子鸣鼓而攻之,可也。’由此观之,君不行仁政而富之,皆弃于孔子者也,况于为之强战?争地以战,杀人盈野;争城以战,杀人盈城。此所谓率土地而食人肉,罪不容于死。故善战者服上刑,连诸侯者次之,辟草莱、任土地者次之。”
English translation
Mencius said, “Ran Qiu served as steward to the Ji clan. He could not improve the clan’s virtue, yet he doubled the grain levy. Confucius said, ‘Qiu is no follower of mine; you may beat the drums and denounce him.’ From this we can see that anyone who enriches a ruler who does not practice humane government would be repudiated by Confucius—how much more so anyone who wages war on that ruler’s behalf. When they fight over land, bodies fill the fields; when they fight over cities, bodies fill the cities. This is what it means to drive the people of a land to consume one another; the crime is beyond what even death can atone for. Therefore, those most skilled at waging war deserve the highest penalty; those who unite feudal lords to wage war rank next; those who clear wasteland and put land to use rank after them.”