The Cost of War

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Original Chinese text

English translation

Mencius said, “Ran Qiu served as steward to the Ji clan. He could not improve the clan’s virtue, yet he doubled the grain levy. Confucius said, ‘Qiu is no follower of mine; you may beat the drums and denounce him.’ From this we can see that anyone who enriches a ruler who does not practice humane government would be repudiated by Confucius—how much more so anyone who wages war on that ruler’s behalf. When they fight over land, bodies fill the fields; when they fight over cities, bodies fill the cities. This is what it means to drive the people of a land to consume one another; the crime is beyond what even death can atone for. Therefore, those most skilled at waging war deserve the highest penalty; those who unite feudal lords to wage war rank next; those who clear wasteland and put land to use rank after them.”

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