14. 渭川田家（王维）
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现代汉语译文
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斜阳照墟落，穷巷牛羊归。
现代汉语译文
夕阳照着村子，牛羊顺着深巷回来了。
开头就落在一个「归」字上，后面每一联都在写同一件事——有什么东西在往回走。
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野老念牧童，倚杖候荆扉。
现代汉语译文
老人惦记着放牧的孩子，拄着拐杖在柴门口等。
「念」和「候」是两个动作，一个在心里，一个在门口。他等的是去放牧的孩子，和上一联归来的牛羊接在同一条路上。
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雉雊麦苗秀，蚕眠桑叶稀。
现代汉语译文
野鸡叫着，麦子抽穗；蚕睡了，桑叶被吃得剩不下多少。
两句不写人，写田里的进度：麦在长，蚕在眠。蚕眠是蜕皮前不吃不动的状态，桑叶稀说明这一茬快喂完了。
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田夫荷锄至，相见语依依。
现代汉语译文
农夫扛着锄头回来，遇见了就站住说话，说得很舍不得走。
人的声音到这一句才第一次出现，王维也没有把说的话写出来，只留下不肯散的样子。
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即此羡闲逸，怅然吟式微。
现代汉语译文
看着这些，我羡慕这份清闲，心里发闷，吟起《式微》。
「即此」把前面四联一次收进来，说的就是上面那些。「式微」是《诗经》篇名，里面有「式微，式微，胡不归」——天都黑了，怎么还不回去。
赏析 · Commentary
八句写的是同一个动作 · Eight Lines, One Action
全诗十句，前八句都在写「归」。牛羊归巷，老人候门等孩子归，麦子归穗，蚕归眠，农夫归村。王维没有给这些景致另找线索，他让每一句都落在同一个动作上，而且始终不点破。直到末联用「即此」一收，读者回头看，才发现一路都是归。这样，末联的羡慕就有了确切的对象：不是田家，是那种各有所归的状态。
Eight of the ten lines are about coming home. Cattle and sheep into the lane, an old man at the gate waiting for a boy, wheat coming into ear, silkworms going to their sleep, farmers back from the fields. Wang Wei gives the scene no other thread. Every line lands on the same action, and he never names it. Only the closing "at this" gathers them up, and the reader looking back finds the word running through all of them. The envy of the last couplet then has a definite object: not farm life, but a condition in which everything has somewhere to return to.
人到第四联才开口 · Voices Only in the Eighth Line
前六句全是物和动作——牛羊、老人、牧童、野鸡、蚕、桑叶。人的声音第一次出现是第八句，王维还是没把那句话写出来，只写了说完之后不肯散的样子。整首诗里最响的是野鸡的叫声。这样安排，全诗一直安静，等到末联王维自己出声，「怅然吟式微」，前面攒下来的静都压在这一句上。
The first six lines are objects and motions: animals, an old man, a boy, pheasants, silkworms, leaves. Human speech arrives in the eighth line, and even there Wang Wei does not tell us what was said — only that the men were unwilling to leave off. The loudest thing in the poem is a pheasant. The arrangement keeps the whole poem quiet, so that when the speaker finally makes a sound of his own in the last line, the stillness of everything before rests on that one line.
为什么引《式微》 · Why the Poem Quotes "Shi Wei"
末联说羡慕田家的闲逸，借的是《式微》。《式微》里反复问一句：天都黑了，为什么还不回去。王维把它放在羡慕之后，等于拿这话问自己一遍。他并不是要去当农夫，前八句写得那样清闲，他也清楚田家并不真的闲；他羡慕的是有处可归，而他自己卡在官与隐之间，两边都不落地。张九龄罢相之后他这种处境一直没变，这首诗里只露了这一句。
The last couplet envies the farmers their ease and borrows the "Shi Wei" to say it. That poem repeats one question: it is getting dark, why not go home? Wang Wei puts the quotation after his envy, which is to ask the question of himself. He is not proposing to become a farmer; his own eight lines are calm enough to show that farmers are not truly idle. What he envies is having somewhere to return to. He himself is caught between office and retirement with no ground under either foot, a position unchanged since Zhang Jiuling lost the chancellorship, and this poem lets one line of it show.