11. 送綦毋潜落第还乡(王维)

目录

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现代汉语译文

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圣(shèng)代(dài)无(wú)隐(yǐn)者(zhě),()英(yīng)灵(líng)尽(jǐn)来(lái)归(guī)。()

现代汉语译文

圣明的时代没有隐士,才俊都出来效力。

开场是颂圣的常话:时代好,所以人才都来了。王维这样起笔,是为了让后面的「落第」有个反衬。

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遂(suì)令(lìng)东(dōng)山(shān)客(kè),()不(bù)得(dé)顾(gù)采(cǎi)薇(wēi)。()

现代汉语译文

于是连隐居东山的人,也顾不上采薇,出了山。

东山用谢安的典故,采薇用伯夷叔齐。两句说的是:连本该隐居的人都被这个时代招了出来。

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既(jì)至(zhì)君(jūn)门(mén)远(yuǎn),()孰(shú)云(yún)吾(wú)道(dào)非(fēi)。()

现代汉语译文

到了京城却离宫门很远,谁说我的主张不对。

「君门远」是落第的说法。上半句认下结果,下半句不认输:没考中不等于路子错了。

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江(jiāng)淮(huái)度(dù)寒(hán)食(shí),()京(jīng)洛(luò)缝(féng)春(chūn)衣(yī)。()

现代汉语译文

在江淮过寒食节,在洛阳缝制春衣。

两句写落第后的行程:来时赶上寒食,回去时已是缝春衣的时候。两个节令点出一趟往返跨了多久。

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置(zhì)酒(jiǔ)临(lín)长(cháng)道(dào),()同(tóng)心(xīn)与(yǔ)我(wǒ)违(wéi)。()

现代汉语译文

在长路边摆酒送别,心意相投的人要与我分别。

「违」是离别。前一句是饯行的场面,后一句落到两人的关系上。

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行(xíng)当(dāng)浮(fú)桂(guì)棹(zhào),()未(wèi)几(jǐ)拂(fú)荆(jīng)扉(fēi)。()

现代汉语译文

你就要划着桂木船走了,过不了多久就能推开自家的柴门。

两句都在算时间:这一程是水路,到家不会太久。王维不说慢走,说你快到家了。

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远(yuǎn)树(shù)带(dài)行(xíng)客(kè),()孤(gū)村(cūn)当(dāng)落(luò)晖(huī)。()

现代汉语译文

远处的树带着远行的人,孤零零的村子正对着落日。

这两句是送别后的想象:人影被树带走,村子对着夕阳。写的是王维站在路上看到的样子。

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吾(wú)谋(móu)适(shì)不(bù)用(yòng),()勿(wù)谓(wèi)知(zhī)音(yīn)稀(xī)。()

现代汉语译文

我的主张只是没被采用罢了,别说世上知音少。

结尾是安慰:不录用你不等于没人懂你。「适」是恰好、只是,把落第说成一次偶然。

赏析 · Commentary

先说好话,再说坏事 · Praise First, Then the Bad News

前四句讲的是一个道理:时代圣明,所以连隐士都出山了。这套说法本身是场面话,王维拿它做开头,是因为它把落第的责任从綦毋潜身上挪开了。如果人人都来归,那没考中就不是一个能力问题,是一次选拔的结果。这个开头看着是颂圣,作用在为后面的安慰铺路——到「孰云吾道非」时,他已经有理由说:不是你的道不对。

The first four lines argue one thing: the age is sage, so even hermits have come out of the hills. The claim itself is formulaic, and Wang Wei uses it as an opening because it moves the blame off Qi Wuqian. If everyone of talent has come in, then failing is not a matter of ability — it is the outcome of one selection. The opening reads as praise of the age; what it does is prepare the consolation, so that by the time he reaches 'who will say my way is wrong' he has grounds for saying the way was not wrong.

两个节令算出路程 · Two Festivals Measure the Journey

「江淮度寒食,京洛缝春衣」是全诗唯一交代时间的地方。来的时候过寒食,回去的时候缝春衣,两个节令之间隔着一整个春天。王维没有写綦毋潜在京城待了多久、怎么落第、心情如何。他只给了两个时间点,路程的长和等待的久都从这两个词之间出来。这样写也避开了最难写的部分——落第那几天的具体情形,他一句没碰。

This is the only place in the poem where time is given. Cold Food on the way in, spring clothes being sewn on the way back: a whole spring lies between the two markers. Wang Wei does not say how long Qi Wuqian stayed in the capital, how the failure happened, or what it felt like. Two points in time are all he supplies, and the length of the journey and the wait come out of the gap between them. It also avoids the hardest thing to write — the days around the failure itself are left untouched.

算着回家的日子 · Reckoning the Day He Gets Home

送别诗多半叮嘱路上小心,或者约下次见面。王维这里算的是日子:「行当浮桂棹,未几拂荆扉」——坐船走,很快就能推开家门。这个角度把注意力从「离开」挪到「到家」。跟着的「远树带行客,孤村当落晖」是站在路边看人走远的样子,两句写完,话题已经到了綦毋潜那边,不再留在送别的现场。

Farewell poems usually warn about the road or arrange the next meeting. What Wang Wei calculates is the date of arrival: the boat leaves, and before long the gate at home is pushed open. The angle shifts attention from leaving to arriving. The couplet that follows — trees drawing the traveller off, a lone village against the sunset — is the view from the roadside, and once it is written the poem has already moved to Qi Wuqian's side of the journey rather than staying at the place of parting.

「适」这一个字 · The Single Word 'Simply'

结尾「吾谋适不用,勿谓知音稀」,力量全在「适」字上。不用是「恰好没被采用」,不是「不好」。王维把落第定性成一次偶然,然后把安慰停在这里:不录用你不代表没人懂你。他没有说下一次一定能中,也没有说朝廷有眼无珠。两句都很克制,因为说满了就假——綦毋潜刚落第,任何乐观的预言都接不住。

The force of the closing couplet sits in one word. The counsel was 'simply' not taken — not rejected because it was bad. Wang Wei defines the failure as contingency and stops the consolation there: not being hired does not mean no one understands you. He does not promise success next time and does not accuse the court of blindness. Both lines stay restrained, because anything stronger would ring false — Qi Wuqian has just failed, and no optimistic forecast would survive contact with that.

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