276. 赤壁(杜牧)

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现代汉语译文

正文

折(zhé)戟(jǐ)沉(chén)沙(shā)铁(tiě)未(wèi)销(xiāo),()自(zì)将(jiāng)磨(mó)洗(xǐ)认(rèn)前(qián)朝(cháo)。()

现代汉语译文

一支折断的铁戟沉在沙里,铁还没有锈蚀殆尽;我把它拿起来磨洗,认出是前朝之物。

“折戟”是折断的兵器,“销”是锈蚀消损。“自将”即亲自拿起,“前朝”指三国时期、赤壁之战前后的旧物,并不能据此判定它属于交战的哪一方。诗人由一件沉埋江沙的旧兵器入手,把眼前与数百年前的历史连在一起。

正文

东(dōng)风(fēng)不(bù)与(yǔ)周(zhōu)郎(láng)便(biàn),()铜(tóng)雀(què)春(chūn)深(shēn)锁(suǒ)二(èr)乔(qiáo)。()

现代汉语译文

倘若当年东风不曾给周瑜提供便利,那么春深的铜雀台上,恐怕就要锁着大乔和小乔了。

“周郎”指周瑜,赤壁之战中孙刘联军的统帅。“铜雀”是曹操所建的铜雀台;“二乔”是孙策、周瑜的妻子,分别是大乔、小乔。诗人作的是假设:若无东风助周瑜火攻,东吴战败,连主将的妻子也可能被掳入曹操的楼台。以二乔的去处代指国家的存亡,是这首诗最著名的写法。

赏析 · Commentary

从一支断戟进入历史 · Entering History Through a Broken Halberd

赤壁之战发生在数百年前,诗人偏从沙滩里一支断兵器写起。磨洗之后认出它是旧物,历史就不再是书上的名词,而成了握在手里的一件实物。有了这个具体的小物件,后面的假设才不显得空泛。

The battle of Red Cliff took place centuries earlier, yet the poet begins with a broken weapon in the sand. Once it is washed and recognized as old, history is no longer a word in a book but a thing held in the hand. With that small concrete object in place, the supposition that follows does not feel empty.

翻案式的假设 · A Supposition That Overturns the Verdict

一般人写赤壁,会赞美周瑜的胜利;杜牧却问:若是没有那阵东风呢?他把胜负归因于偶然的天时,语气冷静,甚至带点调侃。末句不写军队的存亡,只写两个女子的下落,却比直接议论兴亡更让人心惊。(“铜雀锁二乔”是诗人的想象,并非史实。)

Most poems on Red Cliff praise Zhou Yu's victory; Du Mu asks instead: what if that east wind had failed? He traces the outcome to a chance turn of weather, coolly and even wryly. The closing line names not the fate of armies but the fate of two women, and it chills the reader more than any direct talk of rise and fall. (That the Bronze Bird Terrace held the two Qiaos is the poet's imagination, not history.)

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