53. 石鱼湖上醉歌·并序(元结)

目录

正文

现代汉语译文

正文

漫(màn)叟(sǒu)以(yǐ)公(gōng)田(tián)米(mǐ)酿(niàng)酒(jiǔ),()因(yīn)休(xiū)暇(xiá)则(zé)载(zài)酒(jiǔ)于(yú)湖(hú)上(shàng),()时(shí)取(qǔ)一(yī)醉(zuì)。()

现代汉语译文

漫叟用公田里收的米来酿酒,一到休假就带着酒到湖上去,时常喝个醉。

「漫叟」是元结自称。开头先把自己写成一个闲人,为后面的醉态作铺垫。

正文

欢(huān)醉(zuì)中(zhōng),()据(jù)湖(hú)岸(àn)引(yǐn)臂(bì)向(xiàng)鱼(yú)取(qǔ)酒(jiǔ),()使(shǐ)舫(fǎng)载(zài)之(zhī),()遍(biàn)饮(yǐn)坐(zuò)者(zhě)。()

现代汉语译文

喝得高兴时,他靠着湖岸伸手向那条石鱼取酒,叫小船载着,给座上的人一个个斟遍。

「向鱼取酒」是对着实景玩的把戏:湖里有块石头像鱼,就把酒具放在那里。夸张是从眼前的实景里长出来的。

正文

意(yì)疑(yí)倚(yǐ)巴(bā)丘(qiū)酌(zhuó)于(yú)君(jūn)山(shān)之(zhī)上(shàng),()诸(zhū)子(zi)环(huán)洞(dòng)庭(tíng)而(ér)坐(zuò),()酒(jiǔ)舫(fǎng)泛(fàn)泛(fàn)然(rán)触(chù)波(bō)涛(tāo)而(ér)往(wǎng)来(lái)者(zhě),()乃(nǎi)作(zuò)歌(gē)以(yǐ)长(zhǎng)之(zhī)。()

现代汉语译文

恍惚间觉得像是靠着巴丘,在君山上酌酒,众人围着洞庭湖坐着,载酒的船随着波涛飘荡来回,于是作歌把这份意兴铺开。

「疑」字是关键。把石鱼湖当作洞庭湖,是醉里的错觉,也是全诗的写法:小题大做。

正文

石(shí)鱼(yú)湖(hú),()似(shì)洞(dòng)庭(tíng),()夏(xià)水(shuǐ)欲(yù)满(mǎn)君(jūn)山(shān)青(qīng)。()

现代汉语译文

石鱼湖啊,真像洞庭湖;夏天的水快要满了,君山一片青翠。

开头用三字句,调子短促。明明是仿洞庭,还是先把「像」认下来。

正文

山(shān)为(wèi)樽(zūn),()水(shuǐ)为(wèi)沼(zhǎo),()酒(jiǔ)徒(tú)历(lì)历(lì)坐(zuò)洲(zhōu)岛(dǎo)。()

现代汉语译文

把山当作酒杯,把水当作酒池,好酒的人清清楚楚地坐在洲岛上。

又是三字句。山、水、人缩成一张小图。「历历」是清清楚楚、数得出来的意思。

正文

长(zhǎng)风(fēng)连(lián)日(rì)作(zuò)大(dà)浪(làng),()不(bù)能(néng)废(fèi)人(rén)运(yùn)酒(jiǔ)舫(fǎng)。()

现代汉语译文

大风连刮几天掀起大浪,也挡不住人开运酒的船。

「不能废」是句倔话。天气和酒兴对着写,人小,志气倒大。

正文

我(wǒ)持(chí)长(zhǎng)瓢(piáo)坐(zuò)巴(bā)丘(qiū),()酌(zhuó)饮(yǐn)四(sì)座(zuò)以(yǐ)散(sàn)愁(chóu)。()

现代汉语译文

我拿着长柄的瓢坐在巴丘,给四座的人斟酒,好把愁散开。

到最后才露出「愁」字。前面全是热闹,末了这一下把它点破。

赏析 · Commentary

一个「疑」字,把石鱼湖撑成洞庭 · One Word, Fancies, Turns a Pond into Dongting

序里最要紧的是「意疑」二字。石鱼湖本是道州城外一小片水,元结偏偏把自己的醉态写成「倚巴丘」「酌君山」「诸子环洞庭而坐」。他不掩饰这是错觉,先用「疑」字交代清楚,再顺着错觉往下写。承认错觉,夸张反而站得住脚:读的人知道这是醉里的话,就不必去计较湖到底多大。这个办法和正文的「石鱼湖,似洞庭」是一套——先认下「似」,再放手铺陈。

The key word in the preface is fancies. Stone-Fish Lake is a small stretch of water outside Daozhou, and Yuan Jie chooses to write his drunken state as leaning on Baqiu, pouring wine on Junshan, the company seated around Dongting. He does not hide that it is an illusion: the word fancies marks it clearly first, and then he writes on along the illusion. Acknowledging the illusion is what makes the extravagance hold — the reader knows it is the talk of a drunk and stops asking how big the lake really is. The same move runs through the body's Stone-Fish Lake, so like Dongting: grant the likeness, then let go.

三字句撑住的节奏 · The Rhythm Held Up by Three-Character Lines

正文四句,前两句各是三、三、七的断法:「石鱼湖,似洞庭」「山为樽,水为沼」。三字一顿,读起来像有人在岸边一下一下点着数,后面接七字句把气放开。到了「长风连日作大浪,不能废人运酒舫」,全句七言,节奏稳下来,正好托住那句倔强的口吻。这种一张一弛的安排,与内容上的醉态是一体的:短句写眼前,长句写气性。

The four body lines break as three, three, seven: Stone-Fish Lake, so like Dongting; the mountain for a cup, the water for a pond. The three-character beat lands like someone tapping a count on the bank, and the seven-character line then lets the breath out. By the long wind raises big waves for days, and still cannot stop the wine boat, the line is full seven-character and steady, which is what carries the stubborn tone. This tighten-and-release is of a piece with the drunkenness: short lines for what is in front of him, long lines for the temper behind it.

末句才露的「愁」 · The Cares That Surface Only at the End

全诗写酒、写湖、写浪,语气一直是痛快的。最后一句「酌饮四座以散愁」才把「愁」说出来。元结做过道州刺史,任上见过赋税和流亡,石鱼湖上的纵酒并不只是闲适。把「散愁」压在末句,前面越热闹,这一下落得越重。这个收法和杜甫《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》的「乐极哀来」是同一个路子:先把声势铺足,最后用一个字把底翻过来。

The poem writes wine, lake, and waves in an unreservedly glad key throughout. Only the final line, pouring for the company all around, to scatter my cares, names the cares. Yuan Jie served as prefect of Daozhou, where he saw taxes and displacement firsthand, and the drinking on Stone-Fish Lake is not mere leisure. Placing scatter my cares last means the louder what came before, the heavier this falls. It is the same close Du Fu uses in Watching a Pupil of Lady Gongsun Dance the Sword Dance: build the scale fully, then turn the floor over with one word.

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