180. 咏怀古迹·其五（杜甫）
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现代汉语译文
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诸葛大名垂宇宙，宗臣遗像肃清高。
现代汉语译文
诸葛亮的大名垂于宇宙，这位一代宗臣的遗像肃穆清高。
垂宇宙三字把评价放到最大尺度——不垂于一国一代，垂于宇宙。宗臣是为人所宗仰的大臣。
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三分割据纡筹策，万古云霄一羽毛。
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他运筹规划，造成了三分天下的割据之势；在万古的云霄之上，是一片独自翱翔的羽毛。
纡是曲折经营。万古云霄一羽毛被喻为全诗警句：把诸葛亮的才略比作云霄间一片羽毛——高处、独立、无拘。
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伯仲之间见伊吕，指挥若定失萧曹。
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论才德，他与伊尹、吕尚在伯仲之间；论从容调度，萧何、曹参也相形失色。
伊尹辅汤、吕尚辅周，是最古老的名相；萧曹是汉初功臣。两句话给诸葛亮定了坐标：上比圣贤之佐，下压开国功臣。
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运移汉祚终难复，志决身歼军务劳。
现代汉语译文
天运移转，汉家的国祚终究难以恢复；他意志坚决，身死于军务的操劳。
结句把成败分开：汉祚难复是天命，志决身歼是人志。杜甫的评价体系里，人尽其志即不输于天。
赏析 · Commentary
给诸葛亮定坐标的两句话 · Two Lines That Fix Zhuge Liang's Coordinates
伯仲之间见伊吕，指挥若定失萧曹——评价历史人物最怕空泛的赞美，杜甫的办法是给出参照系：向上比，与辅佐商汤的伊尹、辅佐周文王武王的吕尚（姜太公）同列；向下比，让汉朝开国功臣萧何曹参失色。上比的是道德与谋略的品位，下比的是功业的分量——一上一下，诸葛亮的身位就确定了。这种写法在杜甫手里还带着私人动机：他终生自许的正是伊吕式的宰辅之志。赞诸葛亮，也是重申自己心里那把标尺。
In worth he stands between Yi Yin and Lü Shang; in unhurried command he leaves Xiao He and Cao Can far behind — the danger in praising a historical figure is vagueness, and Du Fu's method is a frame of reference: measured upward, he ranks with the minister who aided Tang of Shang and the strategist who aided the kings of Zhou; measured downward, he puts the founding ministers of Han in the shade. The upper comparison fixes moral and strategic rank; the lower, the weight of achievement — and with one measure each way, the man's standing is settled. In Du Fu's hands the device carries a private motive too: the minister-sage was the very ambition he held all his life. In praising Zhuge Liang he was reasserting the measure in his own heart.
「万古云霄一羽毛」：一个意象的多种读法 · One Feather in Ten Thousand Ages of Sky: the Many Readings of an Image
这是杜诗里被讨论最多的句子之一。主流读法以羽毛喻诸葛亮：在万古的时间与云霄的高度里，他是一片独自翱翔的羽毛——渺小与高远并存，因为羽毛虽轻，飞得最高。另一种读法把羽毛解作旌旗上的装饰（羽葆），指他在云霄间独当一面。还有一种读法带惋惜：羽毛再高，终究是「一」片，孤而无助——正好接住尾联的汉祚难复。三种读法不必取一，杜甫的意象本来留了这层余地：把一个人放回天地尺度里，崇高与孤独本来就是同一件事。
This is among the most discussed lines in Du Fu. The mainstream reading takes the feather for Zhuge Liang: in the time of ten thousand ages and the height of the clouds he is one lone feather adrift — smallness and loftiness together, for though a feather is light, nothing flies higher. A second reading takes it as the feathered ornament of state banners, he alone bearing the cause in the highest airs. A third carries a note of pity: however high the feather, it is one feather — alone, unaided — which leads straight into the closing couplet's mandate beyond restoring. No single reading needs to win; the image keeps all of them on purpose: set a man back into the scale of heaven and earth, and the sublime and the solitary are the same thing.
志决身歼：杜甫评价体系的终点 · A Will Fixed, a Body Spent: Where Du Fu's Scale of Judgment Ends
尾联的七个字做了一次严格的分账：运移汉祚终难复——国运不济，非战之罪；志决身歼军务劳——人格完成，虽败犹荣。这个分账方式在杜甫议论诸葛亮的诗里反复出现（《蜀相》的「长使英雄泪满襟」是哭其不济，《八阵图》的「遗恨失吞吴」是惜其有失），而这一首把结论说得最透：他评价一个人的终点不在功业成败，在「志决」二字。这也是他对自己一生的期待：明知不可为而为之，身可以歼，志不可以夺。组诗写到第五首，从庾信、宋玉、昭君到先主武侯，全部落在这一个价值尺度上——杜甫的《咏怀》，咏的从来是他自己认的那杆秤。
The closing seven characters settle the account with strictness: the turning of fate made the Han mandate beyond restoring — the dynasty's luck, no fault of his fighting; a will fixed, a body spent in the labor of war — the person complete, glorious even in defeat. This accounting recurs wherever Du Fu weighs Zhuge Liang (the heroes wetting their lapels in The Prime Minister of Shu mourn the unachieved; the buried regret of the Eightfold Formation grieves the misstep), but here the conclusion is most explicit: where his judgment of a man ends is not success or failure but the two characters will fixed. It was also his hope for his own life: to act knowing the task may not be won, the body spent but the will unyielded. By the fifth poem of the set — Yu Xin, Song Yu, Zhaojun, lord and minister — every life has been weighed on this single scale. His Meditations are, in the end, a weighing of his own scale.