135. 贼平后送人北归(司空曙)

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现代汉语译文

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世(shì)乱(luàn)同(tóng)南(nán)去(qù),()时(shí)清(qīng)独(dú)北(běi)还(hái)。()

现代汉语译文

世道混乱时一起南去,世道清平时你却独自北还。

「同」与「独」相对,是全诗的枢纽。乱时同行,治时分离,这两句把八年的经历压缩在一个对举里。

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他(tā)乡(xiāng)生(shēng)白(bái)发(fā),()旧(jiù)国(guó)见(jiàn)青(qīng)山(shān)。()

现代汉语译文

在他乡生出了白发,回到故国又能看见青山。

上句写人,下句写景物。「白发」是变,「青山」是不变,对照着写南来北往的一生。

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晓(xiǎo)月(yuè)过(guò)残(cán)垒(lěi),()繁(fán)星(xīng)宿(sù)故(gù)关(guān)。()

现代汉语译文

拂晓的月亮照着残破的营垒,繁星之下宿在旧日的关隘。

两句是想象中的归途:天未亮就上路,天黑在废垒旧关过夜。「残」「故」两字透露战后的景象。

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寒(hán)禽(qín)与(yǔ)衰(shuāi)草(cǎo),()处(chù)处(chù)伴(bàn)愁(chóu)颜(yán)。()

现代汉语译文

寒天里的鸟和枯败的草,处处陪伴着愁苦的面容。

「伴愁颜」是把自己的愁推给鸟和草去陪。末句不写安慰,只写途中的陪伴都是萧瑟的东西。

赏析 · Commentary

「同」与「独」 · "Together" and "Alone"

第一联的两个字决定了全诗的骨架。乱世里一起南下,是共患难;太平了反而各自北归,是共患难的人未必能共享太平。司空曙没有解释原因,也不需要解释——在安史之乱后的返乡潮里,各人有各人的去向,这是常事。诗的力量恰恰来自不做解释:同与独的对照本身就把话说完了。

Two characters in the opening couplet set the poem's frame. Going south together in the disorder was shared hardship; returning north separately once peace came shows that those who shared the hardship need not share the peace. Sikong Shu does not explain the reason, nor is one needed — in the homeward movement after the An Lushan rebellion, scattered destinations were ordinary. The poem's force comes precisely from not explaining: the contrast says it all.

「白发」与「青山」 · "White Hair" and "Green Hills"

第二联把人和景物放在一起:他乡生白发是这些年唯一的成果,旧国见青山是这些年的唯一不变。一联之内,一头是衰老,一头是恒常,人夹在中间。这种写法在唐诗里反复出现,因为它不需要细节就成立——任何经历过乱世归乡的人都能对上。

The second couplet sets person against landscape: white hair grown in a foreign place is the period's only yield, green hills seen on return its only constant. Inside one couplet are decline and permanence, with a man between them. The device recurs in Tang verse because it needs no detail to work — anyone who has gone home after upheaval will match it.

后四句都在路上 · The Last Four Lines Are All on the Road

第三联和第四联都是想象对方北归的旅途:晓月、残垒、繁星、故关、寒禽、衰草。这些景物有一个共同点,全是战乱留下的痕迹。司空曙没有写重逢、没有写祝愿,只写路上会看到什么,等于用六个名词说明这次回乡会看到什么。送别诗把祝福换成景物清单,反而更重。

The third and fourth couplets both imagine the road north: dawn moon, broken ramparts, stars, old passes, cold birds, withered grass. They share one thing — all are what the war left behind. Sikong Shu writes no reunion and no good wishes, only what the road will show, using six nouns to say what going home will be like. A farewell that swaps blessing for an inventory of scenery weighs more.

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