151. 除夜有怀（崔涂）
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现代汉语译文
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迢递三巴路，羁危万里身。
现代汉语译文
三巴的道路遥远漫长，我这漂泊之身，冒着艰险走在万里之外。
「三巴」是今四川一带，「羁危」是客居而处境危险。首联交代处境的遥远与不安。
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乱山残雪夜，孤烛异乡人。
现代汉语译文
乱山之中残雪未消的夜里，一支孤独的蜡烛照着他乡之人。
这一联与马戴「落叶他乡树」同调：上下句对举，物与人对齐。「乱」「残」「孤」「异」四个字都带衰败意。
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渐与骨肉远，转于僮仆亲。
现代汉语译文
和亲人的距离越来越远，反而和僮仆亲近起来。
「转于」是反而对。「僮仆亲」是全诗最真实的一笔：身边没有亲人，只能与仆从彼此依靠。
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那堪正飘泊，明日岁华新。
现代汉语译文
怎么受得了正在漂泊之中，明天就是新的一年。
「那堪」是怎能忍受。「岁华新」指新年。末句把时间点摆出来，正是全诗最要紧的一句。
赏析 · Commentary
除夕这个日子 · The Date: New Year's Eve
这首诗题为「除夜有怀」，末句才点出「明日岁华新」。除夕是团圆的日子，全诗的处境——三巴远路、异乡孤烛、与骨肉渐远、只能与僮仆亲近——都因为这一个日子变得尖锐。崔涂把日期放在最后，等于给前面所有的不堪找到了理由。唐诗写节日，往往整首诗的重量都压在那个日子上。
Titled "Thoughts on New Year's Eve," the poem only names the date in its last line. New Year's Eve is for reunion, and the poem's whole situation — the far road to Ba, the lone candle in a strange place, distance from kin, closeness only to servants — is sharpened by that one day. Cui Tu puts the date last, giving all the hardship before it a reason. In Tang poems about festivals the weight of the whole often rests on the day.
「转于僮仆亲」 · "Rather Close to Servants"
第五、六句是这首诗被人记得最多的一联，因为「僮仆亲」这种话说出来很不体面，却非常真。人在异乡久了，亲人在远方，日常说话的对象只剩仆人，关系自然就近了。崔涂没有写思念，写的是替代——用亲近僮仆这件事，反而衬出亲情的缺失。唐诗写羁旅之苦，靠的常是这种具体而微的细节。
The fifth and sixth lines are the most remembered, because "close to servants" is an undignified thing to say and entirely true. After long enough away with family far off, the only people to talk to daily are the hired help, and closeness follows. Cui Tu does not write longing; he writes substitution — the closeness to servants sets off what is missing. Tang poems about the hardship of travel often rest on exactly this kind of small concrete detail.
中间两联的层次 · The Layers in the Middle Couplets
第二联写物（乱山、残雪、孤烛），第三联写关系（骨肉、僮仆）。从物到人，从环境到人际，两联之间有一个推进。到末联再说时间，就成了三重压力：环境恶劣、无人可依、又是除夕。崔涂没有把三样一起抛出来，而是一层一层加，读到末句才觉得受不了。
The second couplet writes things (wild hills, remnant snow, lone candle), the third writes relations (kin, servants). From objects to people, from environment to human ties, the couplets advance. With time added at the end, three pressures stack: bad surroundings, no one to lean on, and it is New Year's Eve. Cui Tu does not throw all three at once but adds them layer by layer, and only at the last line does it become unbearable.