102. 山居秋暝（王维）
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现代汉语译文
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空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。
现代汉语译文
空寂的山中刚下过一场雨，傍晚的天气带来了秋意。
「空山」不是没有东西，是没有人。一场新雨之后，傍晚转凉，秋意就这样来了。
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明月松间照，清泉石上流。
现代汉语译文
明月的清辉照在松林之间，清澈的泉水在石头上流淌。
两句都是名句。上一句写光的静，下一句写水的动，动静相生，声音和颜色都有了。
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竹喧归浣女，莲动下渔舟。
现代汉语译文
竹林里传来喧笑声，是洗衣的女子归来；莲叶摇动，是渔船顺流而下。
「喧」和「动」都先写现象，后写原因——先听见、先看见，再知道是人。这种「先果后因」的写法让景物自己说话。
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随意春芳歇，王孙自可留。
现代汉语译文
任凭春天的芳草凋谢吧，我这样的人自可以留在这山中。
「王孙」出自《楚辞》「王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留」，这里反用其意：山中正好久留。末联表态，把全诗的闲适落到一个选择上。
赏析 · Commentary
「空山」两个字的意思 · What the Words Empty Hills Mean
「空山」在王维诗里反复出现，如「空山不见人」「夜静春山空」。这个「空」不是荒芜，是清静无人。山中明明有竹、有莲、有浣女、有渔舟，为什么说空？因为这里没有功名利禄的往来，没有世俗的应酬。王维是信佛的人，「空」在他的诗里常带一点禅意——不是没有，是不执着于有。理解这一点，才能读出这首诗的安静从何而来。
Empty hills recurs in Wang Wei's poems, as in empty hills, no one in sight and the spring hills empty in the still night. The emptiness is not desolation but quiet with no one about. The hills plainly have bamboo, lotus, washerwomen, and boats, so why empty? Because there are none of the dealings of rank and gain, none of the world's courtesies. Wang Wei was a Buddhist, and emptiness in his poems often carries a note of Chan — not that nothing is there, but that one does not cling to its being there. This is where the poem's quiet comes from.
「竹喧」「莲动」的写法高明在哪 · What Is Fine About Bamboo Rustles and Lotuses Stir
这两句的感官顺序是反的：先听见竹林的声响，才推断出是浣女归来；先看见莲叶摇动，才知道有渔舟下来。诗人没有先说「浣女归」再补「竹喧」，而是让现象先出现，原因后到。这样写，读者和诗人站在同一个位置，一起从迹象推断。唐诗写景常用这一手，王维尤其拿手——他不解释，只呈现，让读者自己把因果关系接上。
The sensory order in these lines is reversed: first the sound in the bamboo, then the inference that washerwomen are returning; first the lotuses moving, then the knowledge that a boat is coming down. The poet does not say the washerwomen return and then add the rustling; he lets the sign appear first and the cause follow. So written, reader and poet stand in the same place, inferring together from the evidence. Tang landscape writing often uses this, and Wang Wei above all: he does not explain, only presents, and the reader completes the cause.
末联反用《楚辞》的分量 · The Weight of Reversing the Chu Elegy
《楚辞·招隐士》说「王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留」，劝人离开山林回到人间。王维把这句话反过来：山中自可久留。这一反用不只是文字游戏，是立场的表态——他选择留在山中，放弃「春芳」所代表的繁华。放在全诗末尾，前面所有的清幽景色都成了这个选择的理由。
The Chu elegy Summons to a Recluse says come home, noble visitor; one cannot stay long in the hills, urging a man to leave the woods for the world of men. Wang Wei reverses it: here in the hills one may stay. The reversal is no wordplay but a declaration of stance — he chooses to remain, giving up the splendor that spring fragrance stands for. Placed at the end, all the clear, quiet scenery before it becomes the reason for the choice.