104. 终南山（王维）
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现代汉语译文
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太乙近天都，连山接海隅。
现代汉语译文
终南山靠近天帝的都城，连绵的山峰一直延伸到海边。
「太乙」是终南山的别称，「天都」指天帝的居所。首联用夸张写山之高之远，为全诗定下宏大的格局。
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白云回望合，青霭入看无。
现代汉语译文
回头望去，白云已经合拢；走近看时，青色的雾气却不见了。
两句写登山时的错觉：远看有云，回头云合；近看有雾，走近却无。写的是山中之景随距离变化的经验。
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分野中峰变，阴晴众壑殊。
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以中峰为界，所对应的星野都不相同；众多山谷之间，阴天晴天各不相同。
「分野」是古代星象与地域的对应。中峰左右分属不同星野，说明山之大。同在一山，谷与谷之间阴晴不同，写山中的复杂气候。
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欲投人处宿，隔水问樵夫。
现代汉语译文
想要找个有人烟的地方投宿，隔着溪水向樵夫打问。
末联忽然从宏大的山景落到一个具体动作：问路。前面写山的壮阔，最后写人的渺小，一收一放之间，山的体量感更强了。
赏析 · Commentary
一首诗怎样写出一座大山 · How One Poem Gives the Measure of a Mountain
写一座大山很难，因为它太大，无法一眼看尽。王维的办法是从四个角度切进去：首联写高和远（近天都、接海隅），颔联写云和雾随距离变化，颈联写星野和气候的地域差异，末联写人在山中的渺小。四个角度分别对应高度、距离、广度、体量，合起来把终南山写成了一个可以进入、可以迷路、需要问路的实体。这种多角度写法，比一味堆砌形容词有力。
A great mountain is hard to write because it is too large to take in at once. Wang Wei cuts in from four angles: the opening gives height and reach (near the celestial capital, running to the sea's edge), the second the way cloud and haze change with distance, the third the regional differences of star-field and weather, the last a person's smallness within the mountain. The four answer to height, distance, breadth, and mass, and together they make Mount Zhongnan something one can enter, get lost in, and need directions through. Such multiple angles carry more than piling up adjectives.
「青霭入看无」的经验 · The Experience of the Haze Being Gone
「白云回望合，青霭入看无」写的是登山时的一种错觉。远看山腰有云雾，回头再看，云雾已经合拢；看远处的青色雾气，走近了却发现什么都没有。这种经验只有真正登过山的人才写得出来。它的价值不在修辞，而在准确——写出了山里光线、雾气、距离之间微妙的关系。王维是画家，对这类视觉现象格外敏感。
Looking back, white clouds have closed up; walking in, the blue haze is gone writes an illusion of climbing. In the distance there is mist at the mountain's waist, and looking back it has closed over; the blue haze is visible far off and nothing is there when you arrive. Only a man who has truly climbed could write it. Its value is not in rhetoric but in accuracy — it renders the subtle relations of light, mist, and distance in the hills. Wang Wei was a painter, acutely sensitive to such visual matters.
末联问路的作用 · What Asking the Way Does at the End
前面三联都在高处、远处看山，末联忽然落到地面：我要找个地方过夜，隔着溪水问樵夫。这一落，诗就从「看山」变成了「在山里」。人一旦进入山，山就有了体量——能让人迷路、需要问路的山，才是真的大。而且樵夫这个角色很有意味：山里的原住民，是唯一熟悉这座山的人。一个从外面来的人，终究要向他请教。
Three couplets look at the mountain from height and distance; the last drops to the ground: I would find a place to stay and ask a woodcutter across the water. With the drop, the poem goes from looking at the mountain to being in it. Once a person enters, the mountain gains mass — a mountain you can get lost in and must ask directions through is truly large. And the woodcutter is telling: the native of the hills is the only one who knows them. A man from outside must, in the end, ask him.