113. 岁暮归南山（孟浩然）
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现代汉语译文
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北阙休上书，南山归敝庐。
现代汉语译文
不再向朝廷上书求仕了，还是回到南山那间破旧的房子去吧。
「北阙」指朝廷，「南山」指隐居之地。首联一个「休」一个「归」，把求仕之路和归隐之路交代清楚，语气带点赌气。
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不才明主弃，多病故人疏。
现代汉语译文
因为没有才能，被圣明的君主弃置；因为身体多病，老朋友也疏远了。
这两句是名句，表面是自责，实际是牢骚。「不才」「多病」都是托词，真正的原因是被弃和见疏。
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白发催年老，青阳逼岁除。
现代汉语译文
白发生出来，催促人一天天老去；春天的气息逼近，旧的一年就要过去。
「青阳」指春天，「岁除」指一年将尽。两句都写时间逼迫：人在老，年在尽，与题目的「岁暮」相扣。
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永怀愁不寐，松月夜窗虚。
现代汉语译文
长久地怀着愁绪，睡不着觉；松间的月光，照进空寂的夜窗。
末句以景收尾：松月照窗，一个「虚」字写夜窗的空，也写心情的空。愁绪没有说尽，交给这一片月光。
赏析 · Commentary
「不才明主弃」为什么是名句 · Why Untalented, Cast Off by a Wise Ruler Is Famous
这两句表面谦卑，实际一肚子不平。「明主」是圣明的君主，「弃」却是弃置不用——把「明」和「弃」放在一起，就露出了反意：若真是明主，为何会弃我？何况自己并非「不才」。据说唐玄宗读到这两句很不高兴，说「卿不求朕，朕未尝弃卿，奈何诬我」。这个故事未必可靠，但它抓住了这两句的要害——牢骚藏在谦辞里，皇帝也读得出。
These lines look humble and are full of grievance. A wise ruler is set beside cast off — with wise and cast off together, the irony shows: if he were truly wise, why cast me off? And he is not in fact untalented. Xuanzong is said to have been displeased by the lines, saying you did not seek me, and I never cast you off, so why wrong me. The story may not be reliable, but it has caught the point — the complaint hides in the modest words, and even an emperor reads it.
「岁暮」的时间压迫感 · The Pressure of Time at Year's End
题目点明「岁暮」，全诗的时间感都压在这个节点上。第三联尤其明显：白发病年老，青阳逼岁除，一个在催人，一个在逼年。这两句把时间拟人化了，好像它们在主动追赶。这样的写法让归隐不那么从容——不是因为看破才归山，是因为年纪和处境逼着自己回头。末联睡不着觉，正是这份压迫感的结果。
The title names year's end, and the whole poem's sense of time presses on that point. The third couplet is clearest: white hair hurries age, young spring presses the year to its close — one urging the man, one pressing the year. The lines personify time as if it were actively pursuing. So written, the retreat is not serene — not withdrawal from insight but a turning back forced by age and circumstance. The sleeplessness of the last couplet is that pressure's result.
孟浩然的求仕与归隐 · Meng Haoran's Seeking and Withdrawing
孟浩然一生几乎都在隐居，但他并不是没有求仕之心。他曾赴长安应试不第，也曾向张九龄等人投赠求荐，这首诗里「北阙休上书」的「休」字，正说明他此前的确不断上书。求而不得，才转而说「还是回去吧」。理解这份不甘，才能明白为什么归隐诗里会有牢骚——归隐对他来说，一半是选择，一半是退路。
Meng Haoran spent nearly his whole life in retreat, yet he was not without the wish for office. He sat the exams at Chang'an and failed, and he sent poems seeking recommendation to Zhang Jiuling and others; the word no more in no more memorials shows he had indeed been writing them. Seeking and failing, he turned to saying he would go back. Grasp that reluctance and the grievance in a retirement poem makes sense — for him, retreat was half a choice and half a fallback.