88. 送友人（李白）
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现代汉语译文
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青山横北郭，白水绕东城。
现代汉语译文
青翠的山峦横卧在城北，白色的河水绕过东城。
「横」和「绕」一静一动，青山不动，白水绕着走。首联不写人，只写送别之地的山水，先把场面铺开。
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此地一为别，孤蓬万里征。
现代汉语译文
在这里一分手，你就要像一株孤零零的蓬草，飘向万里之外。
「孤蓬」是随风飘转的蓬草，古诗里常用来比喻漂泊的旅人。一处分别，随之而来的是万里的行程。
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浮云游子意，落日故人情。
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天上的浮云，像游子的心意；西沉的落日，像故人的深情。
两句都是比喻，却不点明谁像谁——浮云是游子，落日是送别的人。云在飘，日将落，一别一留都在景里。
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挥手自兹去，萧萧班马鸣。
现代汉语译文
挥一挥手，就从这里分别了；马儿萧萧地长鸣，像是也不忍分离。
「班马」指离群的马，出自《诗经》「萧萧马鸣」。末句不写人哭，写马叫，借物的声音把离别之情说出来。
赏析 · Commentary
一首送别诗为什么不用一个「愁」字 · Why a Farewell Poem Uses Not One Word of Sorrow
全诗八句，写送别的场所、友人的远行、双方的心情、分别的动作，却没有一个直接写悲伤的字。伤感全由景物承担：白水绕着城，孤蓬飘向远方，浮云在动，落日将沉，连马都叫出了声。这种写法让诗显得清朗而不颓丧。李白写离别的常见态度是承认不舍但不渲染，这首是典型。读者读到最后，感到的是开阔天地里的一次告别，不是哭哭啼啼的场面。
Eight lines give the place of parting, the friend's long journey, the feelings on both sides, and the act of parting, yet not one word names grief directly. The sorrow is borne entirely by the scene: white water winding about the town, a lone tumbleweed carried far, clouds adrift, the sun setting, even the horses crying out. The method keeps the poem clear and unbroken rather than desolate. Li Bai's usual stance toward farewell is to admit the reluctance without working it up, and this is a model case. What the reader feels at the end is a parting in a wide world, not a scene of sobbing.
「浮云」「落日」这一联的妙处 · What Makes the Clouds and Sun Couplet Work
这一联把两个比喻并排摆着，不解释，靠读者自己对上号。云和日都是天上之物，一个飘走一个落下，正好对应一个走一个留。更细一层看，「浮云」无根，「落日」有情——无根是游子的处境，有情是故人的态度。李白没有写「我很难过」，他让落日替他难过。这种把情绪托付给自然物的做法，是唐诗抒情最常用的手段之一，用得准，比直接抒情更有余味。
The couplet sets two figures side by side without explaining, trusting the reader to match them. Cloud and sun are both things of the sky, one drifting off and one going down, answering exactly to one leaving and one staying. More finely: the clouds have no root, the setting sun has feeling — no root is the traveler's condition, feeling the old friend's attitude. Li Bai does not write I am sad; he lets the setting sun be sad for him. This entrusting of emotion to natural things is among the commonest means of lyric in Tang poetry, and used exactly it outlasts a direct statement.
末句的「班马」为什么用马不用人 · Why the Ending Uses a Horse, Not a Person
写离别写到最后，常见的做法是写人的泪、人的回头、人的话别。李白选了马。马是送行者与远行者分别时在场的第三方，它叫，是因为离群，而离群正是离别这件事在动物身上的对应。用马写人，比自己写自己更含蓄，也更像实况——两个人挥手的时候，确实只有马在叫。这个细节让全诗从写景抒情落回到一个具体的声音上，收得干净。
At the close of a farewell one usually writes tears, a backward look, words of parting. Li Bai chooses the horse. The horse is the third party present when the one who stays and the one who goes separate, and it cries out because it has left the herd — which is what parting is, transposed onto an animal. Writing the person through the horse is more reticent than writing the self directly, and truer to life: when two people wave goodbye, it is in fact only the horse that cries. The detail brings the poem back from scenery and feeling to a single concrete sound, and closes cleanly.